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Сорбенты в биохимических исследованиях

Работа №67336

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Дипломные работы, ВКР

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химия

Объем работы52
Год сдачи2016
Стоимость4375 руб.
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Перечень условных обозначений 3
Введение 4
Обзор литературы 5
1. Определение сорбции и ее механизмы 5
2. Основные типы сорбентов и их применение для биохимических
исследований 6
2.1 Обращенно-фазовые сорбенты 6
2.2 Нормально -фазовые сорбенты 9
2.3 Ионообменные и хелатные сорбенты 10
2.4 Сорбенты, основанные на молекулярном распознавании (иммуно-
афинные сорбенты и полимеры с молекулярными отпечатками) 12
2.5 Сорбенты с ограниченно доступной поверхностью 14
2.6 Сорбенты смешанного типа 15
2.7 Другие сорбенты 17
3. Выбор сорбента и условий сорбции/десорбции 17
4. Варианты технической реализации процедуры сорбции 19
4.1 Классические способы 19
4.2 Миниатюризация процедуры извлечения 21
4.2.1 Способы извлечения в ТФМЭ 23
4.2.2 Сорбенты, используемые в ТФМЭ 24
4.2.3 Влияние условий сорбции 25
4.2.4 Применение ТФМЭ в биохимическом анализе 27
4.2.4.1 Токсиканты 27
4.2.4.2 Вещества с наркотическим действием 29
4.2.4.2.1 Амфетамины 29
4.2.4.2.2 Бензодиазепины 30
4.2.4.2.3 Барбитураты 30
4.2.4.2.4 Другие наркотические вещества 31
4.2.4.3 Вещества, исследуемые в клинической биохимии 32
Заключение 39
Список литературы 4


С увеличением интереса исследователей к изучению биохимических процессов, существует растущая необходимость анализа очень низких концентраций соединений, которые присутствуют с большим количеством мешающих веществ в крови, моче и других биологических образцах, являющихся сложными по составу. Часто в качестве предварительной стадии требуется пробоподготовка, которая занимает более 75 процентов времени анализа. С помощью нее количественно отделяют аналиты от мешающих компонентов, концентрируют их для увеличения чувствительности и переводят в подходящую для анализа форму. Для этой применяется целый ряд методов: центрифугирование, хроматографию, перегонку, сорбцию, фильтрацию, лиофильную сушку и осаждение. Привлекательным является применения различных сорбентов, позволяющих извлекать целевые вещества так, чтобы происходила сорбция только целевого вещества, а мешающие компоненты оставались в жидкой фазе. Мешающие компоненты отделяются, а целевые соединения десорбируют с использованием растворителя, подходящего для выбранного инструментального метода анализа. Альтернативным путем является сорбция мешающих компонентов на твердом сорбенте, при этом аналиты остаются в водной фазе, однако, не происходит концентрирования и из-за этого данных подход используется нечасто.
В настоящее время разработан широкий спектр сорбентов, извлекающих вещества различных классов: обращенно-фазовые, нормально-фазовые, ионообменные, хелатные и др.
Целью данной работы явилось рассмотрение основных классов сорбентов, их свойств, областей применения в биохимическом анализе. Также были описаны факторы, влияющие на выбор сорбента и условий сорбции, и варианты технической реализации процедуры экстракции, в том числе в миниатюризированном варианте.


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ДИПЛОМНЫЕ МАГИСТЕРСКИЕ ДИССЕРТАЦИИ
КУРСОВЫЕ СТАТЬИ ВКР

Использование сорбции на твердых сорбентах в биохимических исследованиях является эффективным инструментом для изучения различных биохимических процессов, в том числе для диагностики заболеваний, мониторинга токсикантов, попадающих в организм человека из внешней среды, исследования фармокинетики лекарственных веществ и т.д. В биохимическом анализе особенно часто сталкиваются с трудностями, возникающими из-за сложного состава анализируемого объекта. Следовательно, необходимо применение современных методов разделения и концентрирования, позволяющих не только избавиться от мешающего влияния компонентов пробы, но и повысить чувствительность анализа. На основе данной работы можно заключить, что разработанные методы твердофазного извлечения с успехом справляются с поставленной задачей. Более того, использование твердофазной микроэкстракции значительно упрощает процедуру анализа, повышает экспрессность и чувствительность, снижает количество используемых реагентов и органических растворителей. Совмещение ТФМЭ с газовой хроматографией позволяет вовсе избежать их использования, так как десорбция аналита осуществляется прямо в испарителе хроматографа.
В рамках данной работы были рассмотрены основные типы сорбентов, их свойства; примеры практического применения для решения важных практических задач, возникающих в биохимическом анализе; варианты технической реализации процедуры сорбции.



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