Политика углеродной нейтральности при разработке лесных климатических проектов / Carbon neutrality policy in the development of a forest climate projects
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Abstract 2
1. Introduction 6
1.1 Importance of the research 6
1.2 Goals, objectives and methods of the research 8
1.3 Background of the research 9
1.4 Study area 10
2. Theoretical background 13
2.1. Features of the fundamentals of forest resource management in the studied region…………………………………………………………………………………...13
2.2. Institutes of forest resources management in the studied regions 18
2.3. Carbon neutrality in the development of forest climate projects 29
2.4. Forest climate projects and the specifics of the formation of a carbon neutrality policy 31
3. Materials and methods 38
3.1 Documents 38
3.2 Methodology of CO2 emission calculation 39
3.3 Data 40
3.4 Information about “ZaLiv” project 42
4. Results 44
4.1 Calculation of carbon emissions in the Arkhangelsk region 44
4.2 Calculation of carbon emissions for the “ZaLiv” eco-hotel project. 46
5. Discussion 49
Conclusion 54
Acknowledgements 58
References 59
Attachments 63
Attachment 1. 63
Attachment 2. 65
1. Introduction 6
1.1 Importance of the research 6
1.2 Goals, objectives and methods of the research 8
1.3 Background of the research 9
1.4 Study area 10
2. Theoretical background 13
2.1. Features of the fundamentals of forest resource management in the studied region…………………………………………………………………………………...13
2.2. Institutes of forest resources management in the studied regions 18
2.3. Carbon neutrality in the development of forest climate projects 29
2.4. Forest climate projects and the specifics of the formation of a carbon neutrality policy 31
3. Materials and methods 38
3.1 Documents 38
3.2 Methodology of CO2 emission calculation 39
3.3 Data 40
3.4 Information about “ZaLiv” project 42
4. Results 44
4.1 Calculation of carbon emissions in the Arkhangelsk region 44
4.2 Calculation of carbon emissions for the “ZaLiv” eco-hotel project. 46
5. Discussion 49
Conclusion 54
Acknowledgements 58
References 59
Attachments 63
Attachment 1. 63
Attachment 2. 65
The specifics of shaping of a carbon neutrality policy is a new trend on law and standard creation, a state and business management and public participating in the development of forest climate projects. These cases are not enough study and research on natural and social sciences on governance practices.
Environmental issues and natural resource management belong to the areas of Earth and Life Sciences, i.e. relate to the disciplines of Natural and Social Sciences. The principles of protecting and restoring terrestrial ecosystems and promoting their sustainable use (SDG 15), taking urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts (SDG 13), and ensuring a transition to sustainable consumption and production patterns (SDG 12) directly relate to forest areas. In addition, the forest as a natural resource is "the only renewable resource that satisfies the multiple needs of the public economy and performs the most important environment-forming and environment-protective functions a source of timber industry, a habitat for animals, one of the most important recreational resources."(Filicheva,T. P., &Gorkina, I. D., 2015. Economics of environmental management and environmental protection: textbook. Vladivostok: Publishing house VGUES).
The formation of forest resource management policies in the Russian Federation, including the Northwestern Federal District of the country, within the framework of departmental agreements with the participation of the Nordic countries, is noted in the declarative documents of the Russian Federation, the European Union and Finland. Thus, the Forestry Legislation of the Russian Federation includes 11 basic principles, including paragraph 3: "use of forests taking into account their global environmental significance"(Forest Code of the Russian Federation No. 200-FZ dated December 4, 2006).
In Finland, the list of sources of forest law includes:
International agreements;
The fundamental law of Finland is the constitution adopted on June 11, 1999, which came into force on March 1, 2000;
Forest Law (Metsälaki) 1997 (as amended and supplemented with effect from 1 January 2014);
Law on the Prevention of Damage to Forests (by Harmful Insects);
Decision of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry on the application of the Forest Law;
Law on trade in forest reproductive materials;
Order of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry on the grounds for charging fees for forest management 2012, and others.
These documents show the relevance of further improving the decision-making process.
In modern realities, international discussions on possible implementations of the 2015 Paris Agreement on Climate Change are mainly focused on the application of measures to reduce greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions necessary to prevent abrupt climate change.
Forest climate projects are studied using the examples of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Finland, part of whose territory lies beyond the Arctic Circle. The Russian Federation is a leading country in terms of forest area - 1.19 billionha or 46% of Russia's territory is covered by forest plantations (in 2022), which is 20% of all forests on the planet. In Finland, forests make up three quarters of the country's surface - 23 millionha or about 76% of the country's territory, making Finland the richest country in Europe in forest resources.
The area of the forest territories of the Arctic zone of Russia exceeds 328 million ha. About half of these territories - 159 million ha - are covered with trees and shrubs. Most of the north of Finland is boreal forests - 9.07 million ha (2022) - which extend over part of the Arctic latitudes of the northern hemisphere. In the Arctic region of Finland, more than 95% of forests are coniferous or broadleaf plantations. The two countries have a common history of studying climate change and adapting to these changes.
The educational activities of international associations about global warming concern the catastrophic results of long-term observations. According to the 2021 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports, climate change and warming affect all continents and are generally more significant on land. The Arctic is warming twice as fast as other regions, a trend that will continue in the long term.(Climate Change 2014; Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic. Perspectives from the Barents Area 2017). The sixth assessment report of the IPCC (2021) states that the probability that humans are the main cause of warming, which has been observed since the middle of the last century, exceeds 95%. The similarity between the observed and modeled changes in the climate system shows that the observed climate changes are caused mainly by an increase in the content of GHG in the atmosphere, which occurs due to human activity (Masson-Delmotte, M.P. Zhai, etl,IPCC, 2021: Summary for Policy Makers).
...
Environmental issues and natural resource management belong to the areas of Earth and Life Sciences, i.e. relate to the disciplines of Natural and Social Sciences. The principles of protecting and restoring terrestrial ecosystems and promoting their sustainable use (SDG 15), taking urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts (SDG 13), and ensuring a transition to sustainable consumption and production patterns (SDG 12) directly relate to forest areas. In addition, the forest as a natural resource is "the only renewable resource that satisfies the multiple needs of the public economy and performs the most important environment-forming and environment-protective functions a source of timber industry, a habitat for animals, one of the most important recreational resources."(Filicheva,T. P., &Gorkina, I. D., 2015. Economics of environmental management and environmental protection: textbook. Vladivostok: Publishing house VGUES).
The formation of forest resource management policies in the Russian Federation, including the Northwestern Federal District of the country, within the framework of departmental agreements with the participation of the Nordic countries, is noted in the declarative documents of the Russian Federation, the European Union and Finland. Thus, the Forestry Legislation of the Russian Federation includes 11 basic principles, including paragraph 3: "use of forests taking into account their global environmental significance"(Forest Code of the Russian Federation No. 200-FZ dated December 4, 2006).
In Finland, the list of sources of forest law includes:
International agreements;
The fundamental law of Finland is the constitution adopted on June 11, 1999, which came into force on March 1, 2000;
Forest Law (Metsälaki) 1997 (as amended and supplemented with effect from 1 January 2014);
Law on the Prevention of Damage to Forests (by Harmful Insects);
Decision of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry on the application of the Forest Law;
Law on trade in forest reproductive materials;
Order of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry on the grounds for charging fees for forest management 2012, and others.
These documents show the relevance of further improving the decision-making process.
In modern realities, international discussions on possible implementations of the 2015 Paris Agreement on Climate Change are mainly focused on the application of measures to reduce greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions necessary to prevent abrupt climate change.
Forest climate projects are studied using the examples of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Finland, part of whose territory lies beyond the Arctic Circle. The Russian Federation is a leading country in terms of forest area - 1.19 billionha or 46% of Russia's territory is covered by forest plantations (in 2022), which is 20% of all forests on the planet. In Finland, forests make up three quarters of the country's surface - 23 millionha or about 76% of the country's territory, making Finland the richest country in Europe in forest resources.
The area of the forest territories of the Arctic zone of Russia exceeds 328 million ha. About half of these territories - 159 million ha - are covered with trees and shrubs. Most of the north of Finland is boreal forests - 9.07 million ha (2022) - which extend over part of the Arctic latitudes of the northern hemisphere. In the Arctic region of Finland, more than 95% of forests are coniferous or broadleaf plantations. The two countries have a common history of studying climate change and adapting to these changes.
The educational activities of international associations about global warming concern the catastrophic results of long-term observations. According to the 2021 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports, climate change and warming affect all continents and are generally more significant on land. The Arctic is warming twice as fast as other regions, a trend that will continue in the long term.(Climate Change 2014; Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic. Perspectives from the Barents Area 2017). The sixth assessment report of the IPCC (2021) states that the probability that humans are the main cause of warming, which has been observed since the middle of the last century, exceeds 95%. The similarity between the observed and modeled changes in the climate system shows that the observed climate changes are caused mainly by an increase in the content of GHG in the atmosphere, which occurs due to human activity (Masson-Delmotte, M.P. Zhai, etl,IPCC, 2021: Summary for Policy Makers).
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Currently, one of the most widespread environmental problems is climate change. The need to adapt to it has been repeatedly mentioned at the highest international level, including the COP28 UN Climate Change Conference in Dubai, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the United Nations Climate Ambition Summit. One solution to this problem is to implement adaptation measures to combat climate change. Given that climate change manifests itself differently in different regions, it is essential to develop adaptive strategies at the regional level. Scandinavian countries could serve as a resource for planning such strategies for the regions in the Northwestern part of Russia.
In this research work, the problem is considered using the example of comparing Arkhangelsk and Kainuu regions, as they are located in similar physical and geographical conditions. Both are in the northern parts of their countries on the coast of the White Sea, with similar climates featuring long, cold winters and short, cool summers. They also have similar vegetation including coniferous forests, swamps, and tundra landscapes, and both have a history of forestry that has influenced their economies, cultures, and politics.
The forest legislation in Kainuu and Arkhangelsk regions has its own unique characteristics. In Finland, for instance, there is a rigorous forest management system that includes control over forestry, reforestation, and forest protection. At the heart of Finnish forest policy is the Forest Act, which seeks to ensure the sustainable management of forests, preserve biodiversity, and generate stable income from forest resources. This law applies to all forested land and requires the regeneration of forest resources. Finnish legislation for forests is based on the principles of sustainable forest use and multifunctional forestry. Overall, Finland aims to ensure that its forestry operations are environmentally sound, economically viable, and socially beneficial.
In Russia, forest legislation has its own peculiarities, related to the large size of the country and the variety of natural conditions. Forest legislation in Russia includes a number of laws and regulations governing the use, protection, and restoration of forests. The main documents regulating forest legislation in Russia are the Forest Code of the Russian Federation and a number of resolutions and orders adopted based on it.
Nevertheless, both countries strive to preserve and restore forests, as well as to develop the forest industry. Sustainable forest management technologies, such as reforestation and the use of renewable energy sources, are actively used in the Kainuuregion. Projects for reforestation, and the development of environmentally friendly forms of energy, are also being carried out in the Arkhangelsk area.
Climate legislation in Finland and Russia has its own characteristics and is developing in accordance with national strategies and international obligations. Finland, as a member state of the Paris Agreement, is actively working to reduce GHG emissions and adapt to climate change. In 2022, a new Law on Climate Change came into force, setting emission reduction targets. Finland aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2035. The Climate Change Act is a key element of Finland's climate policy and its scope has been expanded to include emissions from the land use sector.
Russia also participates in international projects to study climate change and its impact on ecosystems in northern latitudes. In accordance with the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Russia has announced a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions and adopted a Climate Doctrine that includes a low-emission socio-economic development strategy until 2050. This strategy provides for improving the efficiency of forest management, strengthening their protection, and implementing climate projects to increase the absorption of GHG by forests.
Finland and Russia are actively working to reduce GHG emissions and improve the condition of their forests. Finland is using reforestation techniques to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and processes sawmill waste to produce biofuels. Russia can also benefit from these techniques and Finland's expertise to reduce its GHG emissions. Both countries are also working to increase forest coverage and improve forest health.
The Arkhangelsk region can adopt the following approaches and technologies from the Kainuu region:
1. Sawmill waste recycling: in the Kainuu region, sawmill waste is processed into biofuels, which can also be useful for the Arkhangelsk region. This will help reduce dependence on traditional energy sources and reduce GHG emissions.
2. Development of projects on the use of biogas: Projects on the use of biogas for electricity and heat generation are actively being developed in the Kainuu region. This experience could also be useful for the Arkhangelsk Region, especially in connection with renewable energy development.
3. Increasing the area of forests and improving them: both regions can work together to increase the forest area and improve its condition through reforestation and other techniques.
4. Both regions can use technology to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, which will help improve forest conditions and reduce GHG levels in the atmosphere.
...
In this research work, the problem is considered using the example of comparing Arkhangelsk and Kainuu regions, as they are located in similar physical and geographical conditions. Both are in the northern parts of their countries on the coast of the White Sea, with similar climates featuring long, cold winters and short, cool summers. They also have similar vegetation including coniferous forests, swamps, and tundra landscapes, and both have a history of forestry that has influenced their economies, cultures, and politics.
The forest legislation in Kainuu and Arkhangelsk regions has its own unique characteristics. In Finland, for instance, there is a rigorous forest management system that includes control over forestry, reforestation, and forest protection. At the heart of Finnish forest policy is the Forest Act, which seeks to ensure the sustainable management of forests, preserve biodiversity, and generate stable income from forest resources. This law applies to all forested land and requires the regeneration of forest resources. Finnish legislation for forests is based on the principles of sustainable forest use and multifunctional forestry. Overall, Finland aims to ensure that its forestry operations are environmentally sound, economically viable, and socially beneficial.
In Russia, forest legislation has its own peculiarities, related to the large size of the country and the variety of natural conditions. Forest legislation in Russia includes a number of laws and regulations governing the use, protection, and restoration of forests. The main documents regulating forest legislation in Russia are the Forest Code of the Russian Federation and a number of resolutions and orders adopted based on it.
Nevertheless, both countries strive to preserve and restore forests, as well as to develop the forest industry. Sustainable forest management technologies, such as reforestation and the use of renewable energy sources, are actively used in the Kainuuregion. Projects for reforestation, and the development of environmentally friendly forms of energy, are also being carried out in the Arkhangelsk area.
Climate legislation in Finland and Russia has its own characteristics and is developing in accordance with national strategies and international obligations. Finland, as a member state of the Paris Agreement, is actively working to reduce GHG emissions and adapt to climate change. In 2022, a new Law on Climate Change came into force, setting emission reduction targets. Finland aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2035. The Climate Change Act is a key element of Finland's climate policy and its scope has been expanded to include emissions from the land use sector.
Russia also participates in international projects to study climate change and its impact on ecosystems in northern latitudes. In accordance with the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Russia has announced a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions and adopted a Climate Doctrine that includes a low-emission socio-economic development strategy until 2050. This strategy provides for improving the efficiency of forest management, strengthening their protection, and implementing climate projects to increase the absorption of GHG by forests.
Finland and Russia are actively working to reduce GHG emissions and improve the condition of their forests. Finland is using reforestation techniques to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and processes sawmill waste to produce biofuels. Russia can also benefit from these techniques and Finland's expertise to reduce its GHG emissions. Both countries are also working to increase forest coverage and improve forest health.
The Arkhangelsk region can adopt the following approaches and technologies from the Kainuu region:
1. Sawmill waste recycling: in the Kainuu region, sawmill waste is processed into biofuels, which can also be useful for the Arkhangelsk region. This will help reduce dependence on traditional energy sources and reduce GHG emissions.
2. Development of projects on the use of biogas: Projects on the use of biogas for electricity and heat generation are actively being developed in the Kainuu region. This experience could also be useful for the Arkhangelsk Region, especially in connection with renewable energy development.
3. Increasing the area of forests and improving them: both regions can work together to increase the forest area and improve its condition through reforestation and other techniques.
4. Both regions can use technology to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, which will help improve forest conditions and reduce GHG levels in the atmosphere.
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