Сигнальные пути PI3K/Akt/mTOR регулируют важные клеточные функции, такие как пролиферация, выживание и ангиогенез. Число обзорных работ, выполненных для понимания и подавления этих сигнальных путей, становится все больше, и появляются доказательства того, что ингибиторы как минимум двух сигналов в PI3K/Akt/mTOR могут быть наиболее желательными [1]. Но ни один из недавних опубликованных обзоров не фокусируется на том, как эти ингибиторы были получены, поэтому эта работа будет сосредоточена на синтезе ингибиторов и включать некоторые результаты скрининга in vitroи in vivo.
Рассмотренная литература включает в себя оригинальные научные публикации, которые появились вне патентной литературы за последние 10¬11 лет. В 2011 и 2012 года появилось около 100 сообщений о синтезе ингибиторов PI3K. Многие соединения, в данных работах, являются обратимыми конкурентными ингибиторами связывания АТФ, и их синтез опирается на производные пурина (диазолопиримидина)/пиримидина, пиридина, пиразина, триазина или азолов.
Разделы этой обзорной работы были нацелены на рассмотрение синтетических подходов. Многие из этих ингибиторов включают в себя несколько гетероциклических фрагментов. Работа также продолжается на ингибиторах на основе стероидных и терпеноидных ядер, содержащихся в природных соединениях: вортманнине, кверцетине и лифагале. Поэтому в этом обзоре будут представлены последние работы над ингибиторами на основе пуринов/пиримидинов, пиридинов, пиразинов, азолов, и триазины и затем на основе липагальнана, вортманнина и кварцетина.
По результаты работы можно сделать слеющие выводы:
• Сигнальный путь PI3K привлек огромный промышленный и академический интерес как терапевтическая цель для ряда заболеваний, таких как рак, диабет и астма.
• Ранние стратегии молекулярного дизайна Р13К-ингибиторов, были сосредоточены на открытии неселективных ингибиторов PI3K. Однако, идентификация «пропеллерных» ингибиторов PI3K позволила поэтапно создать изоформселективные ингибиторы, в частности ингибиторы PI3K8. Это привело к открытию idelalisib, первого одобренного FDA ингибитора PI3K.
• Опасения по поводу изоформной токсичности привели к изучению группы низкомолекулярных гетероциклических соединений, структурная модификация которых позволила добиться изоморфной селективности. Это привело к «взрыву» работ, со многими изменения в скаффолде молекул в основном для обеспечения интеллектуального собственности, но также в некоторых случаях привела и к незначительным изменениям в изоформной селективности.
1. В общем, большинство первых ингибиторов PI3K страдали от плохих физико-химических свойств, таких как малая растворимость и проницаемость из-за наличия в молекуле ингибиторов комбинации нескольких ароматических колец и отсутствия sp3-атомов углерода, что в целом обуславливало плохой фармакокинетический профиль. За последнее десятилетие данная проблема была решена медицинскими химиками, через уменьшение липофильности и добавлению ионизируемых групп для доставки соединений с отличной проницаемостью и хорошей пероральной фармакокинетикой.
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