Circular Economy and Solid Waste Management: A Comparative Study
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Abstract
1. Introduction 5
2. Objectives and Hypotheses 11
2.1 Objective of the research 11
3: Theoretical Framework 12
4. Case studies 17
4.1. Chile: where the earth end 17
4.1.1. Brief of Chile 17
4.1.2. Why is glass the most recycled in Chile? 21
4.1.3. Access to information 22
4.1.4. Taxation and laws 24
4.1.5. Private organization (civil society) 25
4.1.6. State organization 26
4.1.7. Benefits of recycling for traditional household waste management 28
4.1.8. Evaluation and mathematical parameterization of recycling 28
4.1.9. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the Chilean system 29
4.2. Examples of Chilean territorial approximation 32
4.2.2. Brainstorm from the examples 53
4.3. The Russian Case 55
4.3.1. Brief description of Russia: 55
4.3.2. Recycling 58
4.3.3. State Organization 58
4.3.4. Access to Information 59
4.3.5. Laws and Taxation 61
4.3.6. Parameterization of recycling 61
4.3.7. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the Russian system 62
5. Tomsk and its waste management 65
5.1. 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycling) 65
6. KMI comparation between Russia & Chile 69
6.1. Alternatives to increase recycling 72
Conclusion 75
1. Introduction 5
2. Objectives and Hypotheses 11
2.1 Objective of the research 11
3: Theoretical Framework 12
4. Case studies 17
4.1. Chile: where the earth end 17
4.1.1. Brief of Chile 17
4.1.2. Why is glass the most recycled in Chile? 21
4.1.3. Access to information 22
4.1.4. Taxation and laws 24
4.1.5. Private organization (civil society) 25
4.1.6. State organization 26
4.1.7. Benefits of recycling for traditional household waste management 28
4.1.8. Evaluation and mathematical parameterization of recycling 28
4.1.9. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the Chilean system 29
4.2. Examples of Chilean territorial approximation 32
4.2.2. Brainstorm from the examples 53
4.3. The Russian Case 55
4.3.1. Brief description of Russia: 55
4.3.2. Recycling 58
4.3.3. State Organization 58
4.3.4. Access to Information 59
4.3.5. Laws and Taxation 61
4.3.6. Parameterization of recycling 61
4.3.7. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the Russian system 62
5. Tomsk and its waste management 65
5.1. 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycling) 65
6. KMI comparation between Russia & Chile 69
6.1. Alternatives to increase recycling 72
Conclusion 75
If we pay attention to garbage, the waste will depend on the definition and type. If we look at the dictionary there are many words to define it whether organic or inorganic, its environmental impact is a modern theme, but to some extent it has always been even if it has not been explicitly writing. It depends on whether we consider it garbage, it will depend on what we do with it. The European or Chinese Middle Ages, garbage abounds and people have even been defined as such. The term waste management or management is a modern term, but if it has roots in history. As the population grows, waste increases to a point that is considered problematic. Linked to waste this health (Hodge, 2013, for example, addresses for India) and from the formation of towns and cities is Sanitation. The management of biological or solid waste is also found in pre-Biblical, Greek or Roman cities, but if the word management is a modernist term after Industrial Revolution.
Now the waste and its link to the municipal Administration of the territories (especially the cities), we can see it as in multiple cases among them the case of Los Angeles Chicago Florida Bogota . eThekiwini in South Africa Managua in Nicaragua Beijing Caracas in Venezuela among others. It is also a topic in rural administrations such as in Mexico , Oki town in Japan [11] Tuba in the Philippines Villavicencio in Argentina . Issues such as garbage can be considered as a risk not only for health, but also for activities as in the case of the beaches of the island of San Andres in Colombia it is also possible to see it in the historical analysis for the coastal city Paranagua. Following the previous line analyses on the island of the Canadian state of Nova Scotia .
It is interesting to see that the dirt associated with the term garbage or waste refers not only to it, but also to the business and management of garbage, Strach and Sullivan have done a historical analysis for Orleans and Pittsburgh. Corruption linked to municipal waste management is not something unique to this country but we can constantly see news about it around the world. It is not new and will continue to happen.
An important issue in waste management is the informal management carried out by plastic and cardboard collectors in Latin America especially , but also in other places such as Egypt, an informal craft that has performed an ecological function and recycling even before the ecological approach of waste management under the concept of the 3 R (Recycle, Reuse, Reduce) this issue has historically been from a social point of view.
When waste is referred to, one must be careful with this term as previously noted. For this case, household waste will be considered mainly or so-called urban waste (in this we will include waste typically found as those are household; construction and demolition; hospital; organic waste from food). It should be noted that the concept of waste is strongly linked to pollution, and therefore it is considered environmental impact and there are always relationships or processes to various types of pollution of the components of the environment. It should be noted that in traditional terms of garbage deposits there are 2 types dump and landfills - the semantic difference is more noticeable in Spanish, the main one is in the treatment or isolation of waste and the simple accumulation in one place.
Although from a historic beginning waste management has a strong link with the surrounding environment and health. Since the Industrial Revolution pollution and waste management began to increase its relevance at the public level. Herbert in his historical analysis points out that discussions began in London in the year 1751. Velis and company agree that organized waste management-as we know it - appears in London at the end of the eighteenth century. In social terms in 1842 the report of Sir Edwin Chadwick "the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population ” became vital addressing not only the sanitary point not only with respect to what surrounds us but also addressing the conditions for those in charge of cleaning this report consolidates this vision of management that addresses several aspects, this will continue in terms of trends. Unlike management focused only on production, waste management from the beginning has an environmental and sanitary point of view, in modern structuralism it has also been so, there it is not uncommon to see that in this area management is linked more to the environment than to the economy as it is often associated with management. Its disciplinary limits are strongly linked to Geography, Health, Engineering, Environmental Sciences, policies and administrative management. Although waste management is regulated by government agencies it can be carried out by the same states or by companies or by the Association of these as in the case of Kolbata. Clearly waste management is a business in itself, but the economic study in this area is later, which corresponds to the change of its interests occasioned by the so-called green economy. The momentum in this sense, this generating recycling as a concept, the so-called circular economy is a tendency that as he has understood makes many mistakes at the conceptual level to the steal terms and use them without understanding well, the term upcycle is a test
that you do not understand the concept of recycling does not imply that the recycled material is of low quality, the term refers to processes not materials.
...
Now the waste and its link to the municipal Administration of the territories (especially the cities), we can see it as in multiple cases among them the case of Los Angeles Chicago Florida Bogota . eThekiwini in South Africa Managua in Nicaragua Beijing Caracas in Venezuela among others. It is also a topic in rural administrations such as in Mexico , Oki town in Japan [11] Tuba in the Philippines Villavicencio in Argentina . Issues such as garbage can be considered as a risk not only for health, but also for activities as in the case of the beaches of the island of San Andres in Colombia it is also possible to see it in the historical analysis for the coastal city Paranagua. Following the previous line analyses on the island of the Canadian state of Nova Scotia .
It is interesting to see that the dirt associated with the term garbage or waste refers not only to it, but also to the business and management of garbage, Strach and Sullivan have done a historical analysis for Orleans and Pittsburgh. Corruption linked to municipal waste management is not something unique to this country but we can constantly see news about it around the world. It is not new and will continue to happen.
An important issue in waste management is the informal management carried out by plastic and cardboard collectors in Latin America especially , but also in other places such as Egypt, an informal craft that has performed an ecological function and recycling even before the ecological approach of waste management under the concept of the 3 R (Recycle, Reuse, Reduce) this issue has historically been from a social point of view.
When waste is referred to, one must be careful with this term as previously noted. For this case, household waste will be considered mainly or so-called urban waste (in this we will include waste typically found as those are household; construction and demolition; hospital; organic waste from food). It should be noted that the concept of waste is strongly linked to pollution, and therefore it is considered environmental impact and there are always relationships or processes to various types of pollution of the components of the environment. It should be noted that in traditional terms of garbage deposits there are 2 types dump and landfills - the semantic difference is more noticeable in Spanish, the main one is in the treatment or isolation of waste and the simple accumulation in one place.
Although from a historic beginning waste management has a strong link with the surrounding environment and health. Since the Industrial Revolution pollution and waste management began to increase its relevance at the public level. Herbert in his historical analysis points out that discussions began in London in the year 1751. Velis and company agree that organized waste management-as we know it - appears in London at the end of the eighteenth century. In social terms in 1842 the report of Sir Edwin Chadwick "the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population ” became vital addressing not only the sanitary point not only with respect to what surrounds us but also addressing the conditions for those in charge of cleaning this report consolidates this vision of management that addresses several aspects, this will continue in terms of trends. Unlike management focused only on production, waste management from the beginning has an environmental and sanitary point of view, in modern structuralism it has also been so, there it is not uncommon to see that in this area management is linked more to the environment than to the economy as it is often associated with management. Its disciplinary limits are strongly linked to Geography, Health, Engineering, Environmental Sciences, policies and administrative management. Although waste management is regulated by government agencies it can be carried out by the same states or by companies or by the Association of these as in the case of Kolbata. Clearly waste management is a business in itself, but the economic study in this area is later, which corresponds to the change of its interests occasioned by the so-called green economy. The momentum in this sense, this generating recycling as a concept, the so-called circular economy is a tendency that as he has understood makes many mistakes at the conceptual level to the steal terms and use them without understanding well, the term upcycle is a test
that you do not understand the concept of recycling does not imply that the recycled material is of low quality, the term refers to processes not materials.
...
Although Russia as the Soviet Union managed to be the second power worldwide in the 60s - 70s, mainly due to technological development, motivation of social cohesion (hope in political ideology) and the high price of oil and gas, Russia in its history has been the most backward European empire, universities in Russia appeared hundreds of years after Europe or even after the Americans countries that already before independence had universities. At the government level there are the biggest problems, technological development has not improved much compared to that decade, its production has increased mainly thanks to external technology and commercial exchange.
Bureaucracy and legislation are relevant factors that negatively affect the country, historical rewriting is a constant and often temporary censorship of facts. The environmental issue has never had a great relevance and whether it is treated is apparently or secretly. Even with a high or medium educational level, their tax problems drown their businesses and their oligarchs have no incentive to invest in creating technologies even having the money to invest. Environmental work is a popular initiative and by vocation, but neither its dissemination is sufficient nor are they massive, even so, they do an important initial work.
Environmental awareness in general terms is growing in massiveness (with the theoretical distortions typical of activism) so the very logic of reuse implies the sharing of ideas or ways of recycling. There are many DIY's of how to do things, which although they are not efficient are an initial process to then mechanize it and increase its efficiency. Russia has relatively cheap energy and produces more than it consumes, with which it is possible to increase industrial production quickly, but its current political, economic and social system favors immobility. Foreign funds for ecological development there are a lot of them outside Russia, while inside have competitions that pay you a fraction to realize the project, and then steal the idea, limiting development.
The Chilean experience of a country far from everyone is only useful to the extent that the problems are understood, environmental education is a key to use. The constant disorder, constant change of laws does not lead to great progress. Laws can be improved, but if they are not applied or applied according to the person, what good are they? It is possible to change the fines to a unit of fines that is readjusted for inflation those denominated in Chile UTM (monthly tax unit) with that by setting a value in this unit the price would automatically rise with increasing inflation with which the reduction of fines would decrease over time.
If people see that recycling is real and exists, they will be motivated to participate more with it, the ethical issue of taking care of the environment weighs more than how much they pay you for a bottle, the example of COANIQUEM shows it, when in Chile it was paid per kilo little worked because between cleaning the cans at home and spending on transport to leave the products the result is negative. Now being a volunteer, the cost can still be negative for finances, but people don't think about it. Storing containers separately and in places where it is convenient for people to leave them, such as near grocery stores, is more efficient and convenient. Then cleaning or disinfecting at an industrial level is cheaper and more ecological, that each item individually and even depending on the process may not even be necessary.
Regional autonomies can develop offshored projects responding to local conditions and the central government should support and audit to avoid local corruption. In the Russian state, its divisions or levels hierarchically have many problems in the functions and the central determination of the capital is worth more than any territorial, so then the one who must execute actions is confusing and this always makes the laws difficult to apply, added to this are the constant changes and contradictions. It is not being European to divide into 3 separate containers, the Japanese do it up to 30 times with different collection days for each container. The separation itself means that they can be collected with different filling frequencies or even different companies can operate. Thorough separation helps people to incorporate the concept stronger and easier.
At the municipal level, the most necessary thing is to be orderly, start by ordering and defining its functions well. then propose based on that to start the Zero Waste (its clearer a goal than a complex concept). If its functions are scarce, focus on the diffusion of the Zero Waste concept as an idea or the circular economy. Increase the form of contact with neighbors and at least translate ideas or techniques into Russian to disseminate information about it (make infographics maps or diagrams or others) that help to understand the advantages and clear examples that your citizens can do, what habits they can take to generate less waste, focus on specific tasks and communicate them, and try maybe few things, but in good quality and regular order. To household waste management with circular economy, it’s fundamental environmental education, the numbers have to reflect the idea if numbers change its important understand why not only how much because maybe the indicators or formula it’s not correct.
To increase the integration of the inhabitants in the circular economy it is important to think that they have a double role, because they are consumers and workers, if they see negatively the 76
national industrial production, they will generate refusal to cooperate in any initiative they contribute to the industry. It is important to reduce labor abuses and downsizing of product units. Industries are elementary for recycling, but this is the inefficient phase of the circular economy, it is always better to operate in reduction and reuse as business models (service models, secondary markets, or others).
Bureaucracy and legislation are relevant factors that negatively affect the country, historical rewriting is a constant and often temporary censorship of facts. The environmental issue has never had a great relevance and whether it is treated is apparently or secretly. Even with a high or medium educational level, their tax problems drown their businesses and their oligarchs have no incentive to invest in creating technologies even having the money to invest. Environmental work is a popular initiative and by vocation, but neither its dissemination is sufficient nor are they massive, even so, they do an important initial work.
Environmental awareness in general terms is growing in massiveness (with the theoretical distortions typical of activism) so the very logic of reuse implies the sharing of ideas or ways of recycling. There are many DIY's of how to do things, which although they are not efficient are an initial process to then mechanize it and increase its efficiency. Russia has relatively cheap energy and produces more than it consumes, with which it is possible to increase industrial production quickly, but its current political, economic and social system favors immobility. Foreign funds for ecological development there are a lot of them outside Russia, while inside have competitions that pay you a fraction to realize the project, and then steal the idea, limiting development.
The Chilean experience of a country far from everyone is only useful to the extent that the problems are understood, environmental education is a key to use. The constant disorder, constant change of laws does not lead to great progress. Laws can be improved, but if they are not applied or applied according to the person, what good are they? It is possible to change the fines to a unit of fines that is readjusted for inflation those denominated in Chile UTM (monthly tax unit) with that by setting a value in this unit the price would automatically rise with increasing inflation with which the reduction of fines would decrease over time.
If people see that recycling is real and exists, they will be motivated to participate more with it, the ethical issue of taking care of the environment weighs more than how much they pay you for a bottle, the example of COANIQUEM shows it, when in Chile it was paid per kilo little worked because between cleaning the cans at home and spending on transport to leave the products the result is negative. Now being a volunteer, the cost can still be negative for finances, but people don't think about it. Storing containers separately and in places where it is convenient for people to leave them, such as near grocery stores, is more efficient and convenient. Then cleaning or disinfecting at an industrial level is cheaper and more ecological, that each item individually and even depending on the process may not even be necessary.
Regional autonomies can develop offshored projects responding to local conditions and the central government should support and audit to avoid local corruption. In the Russian state, its divisions or levels hierarchically have many problems in the functions and the central determination of the capital is worth more than any territorial, so then the one who must execute actions is confusing and this always makes the laws difficult to apply, added to this are the constant changes and contradictions. It is not being European to divide into 3 separate containers, the Japanese do it up to 30 times with different collection days for each container. The separation itself means that they can be collected with different filling frequencies or even different companies can operate. Thorough separation helps people to incorporate the concept stronger and easier.
At the municipal level, the most necessary thing is to be orderly, start by ordering and defining its functions well. then propose based on that to start the Zero Waste (its clearer a goal than a complex concept). If its functions are scarce, focus on the diffusion of the Zero Waste concept as an idea or the circular economy. Increase the form of contact with neighbors and at least translate ideas or techniques into Russian to disseminate information about it (make infographics maps or diagrams or others) that help to understand the advantages and clear examples that your citizens can do, what habits they can take to generate less waste, focus on specific tasks and communicate them, and try maybe few things, but in good quality and regular order. To household waste management with circular economy, it’s fundamental environmental education, the numbers have to reflect the idea if numbers change its important understand why not only how much because maybe the indicators or formula it’s not correct.
To increase the integration of the inhabitants in the circular economy it is important to think that they have a double role, because they are consumers and workers, if they see negatively the 76
national industrial production, they will generate refusal to cooperate in any initiative they contribute to the industry. It is important to reduce labor abuses and downsizing of product units. Industries are elementary for recycling, but this is the inefficient phase of the circular economy, it is always better to operate in reduction and reuse as business models (service models, secondary markets, or others).
