Language representation of criticism in the novel "The Great Gatsby" by F.S. Fitzgerald / Языковое выражение критики в романе Ф.С. Фитцджеральда «Великий Гэтсби»
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Introduction 4
Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations of the study of the linguistic representation of criticism in the novel "The Great Gatsby" 7
1.1. Fictional discourse and text: towards the problem of their correlation 7
1.1.1. Discourse and its types 7
1.1.2. Distinguishing between discourse and text 9
1.1.3. Fictional discourse and its features 11
1.1.4 Specificity of artistic speech 14
1.2. The notion of criticism: definitions and approaches 19
1.2.1. Criticism and critique. Connection of the notion of criticism with negative evaluation 19
1.2.2. The category of evaluation in modern linguistics 22
1.2.3. Different approaches to classification the category of evaluation 25
1.2.4. The main linguistic means of expressing evaluation in the English language 29
1.3 Axiological worldview in the novel «The Great Gatsby» 34
1.3.1 The place of axiological worldview in the anthropocentric paradigm 34
1.3.2 Historical background of the novel The Great Gatsby 38
Chapter 1 Summary 40
Chapter 2. The study of linguistic means expressing criticism in the novel 42
2.1.Analysis of linguistic means expressing criticism at every level of the language 42
2.1.1 Analysis of the use of lexical means of expressing criticism in the novel The Great Gatsby 42
2.1.2 Analysis of the use of syntactic means of expressing criticism in the novel The Great Gatsby 59
2.1.3 Analysis of the use of stylistic means of expressing criticism in the novel The Great Gatsby 68
2.1.4 Analysis of the use of graphic means of expressing criticism in the novel The Great Gatsby 76
2.2 Comparative analysis of identified linguistic means 79
Chapter 2 Summary 85
Conclusion remarks 87
References 90
Dictionaries 97
Online Sources 98
Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations of the study of the linguistic representation of criticism in the novel "The Great Gatsby" 7
1.1. Fictional discourse and text: towards the problem of their correlation 7
1.1.1. Discourse and its types 7
1.1.2. Distinguishing between discourse and text 9
1.1.3. Fictional discourse and its features 11
1.1.4 Specificity of artistic speech 14
1.2. The notion of criticism: definitions and approaches 19
1.2.1. Criticism and critique. Connection of the notion of criticism with negative evaluation 19
1.2.2. The category of evaluation in modern linguistics 22
1.2.3. Different approaches to classification the category of evaluation 25
1.2.4. The main linguistic means of expressing evaluation in the English language 29
1.3 Axiological worldview in the novel «The Great Gatsby» 34
1.3.1 The place of axiological worldview in the anthropocentric paradigm 34
1.3.2 Historical background of the novel The Great Gatsby 38
Chapter 1 Summary 40
Chapter 2. The study of linguistic means expressing criticism in the novel 42
2.1.Analysis of linguistic means expressing criticism at every level of the language 42
2.1.1 Analysis of the use of lexical means of expressing criticism in the novel The Great Gatsby 42
2.1.2 Analysis of the use of syntactic means of expressing criticism in the novel The Great Gatsby 59
2.1.3 Analysis of the use of stylistic means of expressing criticism in the novel The Great Gatsby 68
2.1.4 Analysis of the use of graphic means of expressing criticism in the novel The Great Gatsby 76
2.2 Comparative analysis of identified linguistic means 79
Chapter 2 Summary 85
Conclusion remarks 87
References 90
Dictionaries 97
Online Sources 98
This study focuses on the linguistic representation of criticism in the novel «The Great Gatsby». This novel by F.S. Fitzgerald serves as an illustrative material for considering the peculiarities of the English language that have a potential to express critical evaluation.
The relevance of the research is explained by the fact that the study of the linguistic representation of criticism corresponds to the modern linguistic paradigm. Due to the leading role of the anthropocentric paradigm at the present time, there is an increasing interest in studying such a universal category as evaluation. There is a lack of research that provides a classification of linguistic means expressing critical evaluation. This fact increases the relevance of this study.
The object of the study is the category of evaluation, namely the negative evaluation in the novel «The Great Gatsby». The subject of the study is a set of linguistic units representing the category of evaluativeness in the novel «The Great Gatsby».
The aim of this study is to identify the linguistic means used by F.S. Fitzgerald to create situations of criticism.
To achieve this aim, the following objectives were set:
1. To study the existing theoretical approaches to the study of fictional discourse and peculiarities of artistic speech.
2. Define the notion of criticism in connection with a negative evaluation using various approaches;
3. Determine the language levels of criticism in the novel;
4. Based on the findings, to identify the situations of criticism in the novel and analyse the linguistic means of their representation.
5. To conduct a comparative analysis of identified linguistic means.
The theoretical basis of the research are the works on the theory of discourse and methods of its analysis (N.D. Arutyunova, E. Benveniste, T. van Dijk, V.I. Karasik, E. V. Temnova), fictional discourse and its peculiarities (Z. D. Asratyan, N.N. Mikhailov, T.B. Samarskaya, J. Searle), category of evaluation (N.D. Arutyunova, R.R. Danilova, A.A. Ivin, E.M. Volf, J.Martin, P.White).
The original text of the novel «The Great Gatsby» by F. S. Fitzgerald served as the research material.
The research is carried out within the framework of a linguistic and cultural approach using the following methods: lexical and semantic analysis, interpretative analysis, syntactic analysis, contextual analysis, definitional analysis, comparative analysis, pragmatic and discourse analysis.
The novelty of this study lies in the fact that previously the novel was studied from the standpoint of literary criticism, while this work applies a set of relevant methods of linguistic analysis in order to study and systematize the linguistic representation of criticism in the novel «The Great Gatsby».
The theoretical significance of the work lies in the fact that it contributes to the further study of the evaluation category in the texts of fiction, as well as to the formation of the classification of linguistic means expressing evaluation.
The practical significance of the work is determined by the possibility of using the research results in preparation for seminars and lecture courses in such disciplines as: foreign literature, linguoculturology and pragmatics.
The main findings of a dissertation to be defended:
1. The novel under study, being a work of fiction has a number of peculiar features due to the special status of fictional discourse and the special structure of artistic speech, which is expressed in the aggregate of the author's voice, the narrator's voice and the characters' voice;
2. Criticism is the act of expressing disapproval and negative evaluation of something or someone;
3. Negative evaluation is reflected in all levels of language and is expressed by combining different linguistic means;
4. The most common level of the language in terms of the quantity of linguistic means that express negative evaluation is the lexical level, while the most diverse levels are both lexical and syntactic ones.
5. To convey negative evaluation implicitly, the author primarily used the stylistic level of the language.
6. Graphic means serve to enhance or emphasise other means of expressing criticism.
The scope and structure of the work. The present work consists of 98 pages, includes an introduction, two chapters, each accompanied by a summary and concluding remarks. The work is accompanied by a list of references, including 76 references in Russian and 10 references in English, a list of dictionaries used and a list of online sources.
The relevance of the research is explained by the fact that the study of the linguistic representation of criticism corresponds to the modern linguistic paradigm. Due to the leading role of the anthropocentric paradigm at the present time, there is an increasing interest in studying such a universal category as evaluation. There is a lack of research that provides a classification of linguistic means expressing critical evaluation. This fact increases the relevance of this study.
The object of the study is the category of evaluation, namely the negative evaluation in the novel «The Great Gatsby». The subject of the study is a set of linguistic units representing the category of evaluativeness in the novel «The Great Gatsby».
The aim of this study is to identify the linguistic means used by F.S. Fitzgerald to create situations of criticism.
To achieve this aim, the following objectives were set:
1. To study the existing theoretical approaches to the study of fictional discourse and peculiarities of artistic speech.
2. Define the notion of criticism in connection with a negative evaluation using various approaches;
3. Determine the language levels of criticism in the novel;
4. Based on the findings, to identify the situations of criticism in the novel and analyse the linguistic means of their representation.
5. To conduct a comparative analysis of identified linguistic means.
The theoretical basis of the research are the works on the theory of discourse and methods of its analysis (N.D. Arutyunova, E. Benveniste, T. van Dijk, V.I. Karasik, E. V. Temnova), fictional discourse and its peculiarities (Z. D. Asratyan, N.N. Mikhailov, T.B. Samarskaya, J. Searle), category of evaluation (N.D. Arutyunova, R.R. Danilova, A.A. Ivin, E.M. Volf, J.Martin, P.White).
The original text of the novel «The Great Gatsby» by F. S. Fitzgerald served as the research material.
The research is carried out within the framework of a linguistic and cultural approach using the following methods: lexical and semantic analysis, interpretative analysis, syntactic analysis, contextual analysis, definitional analysis, comparative analysis, pragmatic and discourse analysis.
The novelty of this study lies in the fact that previously the novel was studied from the standpoint of literary criticism, while this work applies a set of relevant methods of linguistic analysis in order to study and systematize the linguistic representation of criticism in the novel «The Great Gatsby».
The theoretical significance of the work lies in the fact that it contributes to the further study of the evaluation category in the texts of fiction, as well as to the formation of the classification of linguistic means expressing evaluation.
The practical significance of the work is determined by the possibility of using the research results in preparation for seminars and lecture courses in such disciplines as: foreign literature, linguoculturology and pragmatics.
The main findings of a dissertation to be defended:
1. The novel under study, being a work of fiction has a number of peculiar features due to the special status of fictional discourse and the special structure of artistic speech, which is expressed in the aggregate of the author's voice, the narrator's voice and the characters' voice;
2. Criticism is the act of expressing disapproval and negative evaluation of something or someone;
3. Negative evaluation is reflected in all levels of language and is expressed by combining different linguistic means;
4. The most common level of the language in terms of the quantity of linguistic means that express negative evaluation is the lexical level, while the most diverse levels are both lexical and syntactic ones.
5. To convey negative evaluation implicitly, the author primarily used the stylistic level of the language.
6. Graphic means serve to enhance or emphasise other means of expressing criticism.
The scope and structure of the work. The present work consists of 98 pages, includes an introduction, two chapters, each accompanied by a summary and concluding remarks. The work is accompanied by a list of references, including 76 references in Russian and 10 references in English, a list of dictionaries used and a list of online sources.
This graduate qualification work is devoted to the study of linguistic means of expression of criticism in the novel The Great Gatsby by F.S. Fitzgerald. The research is carried out within the framework of the modern anthropocentric paradigm. Within the framework of this work the following methods of analysis were applied: lexical and semantic analysis, interpretive analysis, syntactic analysis, contextual analysis, definitional analysis, comparative analysis, pragmatic and discourse analysis.
In the process of the research it was identified that the fictional text functions in the field of fictional discourse, being a part of it. Fictional discourse is a kind of discourse, which is characterised by a number of features. These features are: a special structure of dialectical relations, which in addition to speech producer, transmitted information and recipient includes the subject, expressed by the narrator; fictional nature of fictional discourse, in which the author is free to describe events that are not related to reality, but at the same time not considered false. In addition, the study of the theoretical framework allowed us to come to the conclusion that fictional discourse can include all the variety of existing discourses without being identified with them.
The paper provides a definition of the notion of criticism in its connection with negative evaluation and studies the functioning of the category of evaluation in modern linguistics. Evaluation is defined as an individual's attitude to reality through an idealised version of it.
There is no single classification of evaluation, as all classifications are formed on various grounds, such as value interpretation, presence or absence of an emotive component, as well as the manner of evaluation. The structure of evaluation contains such components as the subject of evaluation, the object of evaluation, the type and the basis of evaluation. Evaluation is inextricably linked with values, as values are the base which recognizes an object as valuable (good) or not valuable (or bad).
The presented study contains a theoretical description of aspects related to the axiological worldview of the individual and society. Besides, the influence of the axiological worldview on the individual and their attitude to objective reality was considered. It was concluded that value is one of the foundational elements of culture, representing its primary evaluative function . The axiological worldview of each person is individual, but it is also determined by the peculiarities of a particular nation and the state of society.
In the course of the research it was determined that evaluation is expressed at different linguistic levels: lexical, syntactic, stylistic and graphic.
The lexical level turned out to be the most common level of expression of critical evaluation and it is characterised by great diversity and includes adjectives, nouns and verbs with negative connotation. These extensive groups include adjectives and nouns formed with the help of negative suffixes and prefixes. In addition to the aforementioned linguistic means, the combination of a verb and an adverb, as well as phraseological units have a great evaluative potential. The analysis of the examples allowed us to conclude that lexical means expressed explicit evaluation more frequently than others.
The syntactic level of the language was less numerous, but as diverse as the lexical level. In this study we managed to identify such linguistic means belonging to this level as: exclamatory, interrogative, inductive sentences, as well as sentences containing modality and conditionality. Pronouns with the negative particle «not» also have a great negative evaluative potential. In addition, it was established that there were 3 syntactic nuclear constructions in the novel that also conveyed evaluative modality.
The stylistic level of the language was the next in terms of the number of identified linguistic units expressing criticism. In this study it was represented by such means as epithets, metaphors, simile, irony, rhetorical questions, parallelism and allusions. It was also found that stylistic means mainly served to express implicit evaluation.
The next level of linguistics that expresses critical evaluation in the text is the graphic level.It was identified that graphic means serves to highlight or emphasise means of other linguistic levels. It was represented by dashes, dots, quotation marks and italics. Single instances of semicolon and ellipsis were also identified.
This also concludes that according to the evaluation classifications used, the situations of criticism in the novel were mostly concerned with cases of ethical and normative evaluation, which are related to the notions of what is morally right and wrong, as well as legal and illegal.
The results of this paper may be useful to the researchers who study the category of evaluation in the genre of fiction.
The prospects for further research include the expansion of material for identifying general regularities of verbalization of evaluative modality in language.
In the process of the research it was identified that the fictional text functions in the field of fictional discourse, being a part of it. Fictional discourse is a kind of discourse, which is characterised by a number of features. These features are: a special structure of dialectical relations, which in addition to speech producer, transmitted information and recipient includes the subject, expressed by the narrator; fictional nature of fictional discourse, in which the author is free to describe events that are not related to reality, but at the same time not considered false. In addition, the study of the theoretical framework allowed us to come to the conclusion that fictional discourse can include all the variety of existing discourses without being identified with them.
The paper provides a definition of the notion of criticism in its connection with negative evaluation and studies the functioning of the category of evaluation in modern linguistics. Evaluation is defined as an individual's attitude to reality through an idealised version of it.
There is no single classification of evaluation, as all classifications are formed on various grounds, such as value interpretation, presence or absence of an emotive component, as well as the manner of evaluation. The structure of evaluation contains such components as the subject of evaluation, the object of evaluation, the type and the basis of evaluation. Evaluation is inextricably linked with values, as values are the base which recognizes an object as valuable (good) or not valuable (or bad).
The presented study contains a theoretical description of aspects related to the axiological worldview of the individual and society. Besides, the influence of the axiological worldview on the individual and their attitude to objective reality was considered. It was concluded that value is one of the foundational elements of culture, representing its primary evaluative function . The axiological worldview of each person is individual, but it is also determined by the peculiarities of a particular nation and the state of society.
In the course of the research it was determined that evaluation is expressed at different linguistic levels: lexical, syntactic, stylistic and graphic.
The lexical level turned out to be the most common level of expression of critical evaluation and it is characterised by great diversity and includes adjectives, nouns and verbs with negative connotation. These extensive groups include adjectives and nouns formed with the help of negative suffixes and prefixes. In addition to the aforementioned linguistic means, the combination of a verb and an adverb, as well as phraseological units have a great evaluative potential. The analysis of the examples allowed us to conclude that lexical means expressed explicit evaluation more frequently than others.
The syntactic level of the language was less numerous, but as diverse as the lexical level. In this study we managed to identify such linguistic means belonging to this level as: exclamatory, interrogative, inductive sentences, as well as sentences containing modality and conditionality. Pronouns with the negative particle «not» also have a great negative evaluative potential. In addition, it was established that there were 3 syntactic nuclear constructions in the novel that also conveyed evaluative modality.
The stylistic level of the language was the next in terms of the number of identified linguistic units expressing criticism. In this study it was represented by such means as epithets, metaphors, simile, irony, rhetorical questions, parallelism and allusions. It was also found that stylistic means mainly served to express implicit evaluation.
The next level of linguistics that expresses critical evaluation in the text is the graphic level.It was identified that graphic means serves to highlight or emphasise means of other linguistic levels. It was represented by dashes, dots, quotation marks and italics. Single instances of semicolon and ellipsis were also identified.
This also concludes that according to the evaluation classifications used, the situations of criticism in the novel were mostly concerned with cases of ethical and normative evaluation, which are related to the notions of what is morally right and wrong, as well as legal and illegal.
The results of this paper may be useful to the researchers who study the category of evaluation in the genre of fiction.
The prospects for further research include the expansion of material for identifying general regularities of verbalization of evaluative modality in language.
