Chapter 1 Introduction 7
1.1. Background 7
1.2. Problem Formulation 9
1.3. Research Goal 10
1.4. Research Benefits 10
Chapter 2 Literature Review 12
2.1 Public Mass Transportation 12
2.2 Pricing and Fares in Public Transportation 16
2.3 Marketing and Branding Incentives Fare Programs in Public Transport 19
2.4 Previous Research 21
2.5 Framework Idea 25
2.6 Operational Limitations 27
| Chapter 3 Research Methodology 28
3.1. Quantitative Approach 28
3.2. Qualitative Approach 29
3.3. Sources Data 30
3.4. Analysis Procedures 32
Chapter 4 Result and Discussion 35
4.1. Public Mass Transportation in Jakarta 36
4.2. Demography Structure of Jakarta Province for Scheme Incentive Payment 40
4.3 Design Current State Fares of Jaklingko Program 43
4.4 Study Fare Incentives in Moscow Incentives Payment Structure 46
4.5 Jakarta’s New Design of Incentive Fare Program Model Solution 49
Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations 29
5.1. Conclusion 29
5.2. Recommendations 29
5.3. Theoretical Implications:30
5.4. Practical Implications:30
References 31
The topic of analyzing the implementation of incentive fare programs in the case of integrated public transport systems is highly relevant to the broader context of integrated ticketing and fare policies for public transport. The integration of public transport systems, including ticketing and fare policies, is crucial for overcoming perceived and objective barriers to public transport use. This integration can lead to better value and convenience for passengers, which in turn can increase the attractiveness of public transport and reduce the use of private cars (Grzelec, K., & Wyszomirski, O., 2019).
Incentive fare programs are a key component of integrated fare policies, as they can offer discounts, promotions, or other benefits to passengers who use public transport. These programs can be designed to encourage specific behaviors, such as using multiple modes of transport or traveling during off-peak hours. By analyzing the implementation of such programs, researchers can identify best practices and evaluate their effectiveness in increasing public transport usage and improving the overall efficiency of the system.
The relevance of this topic is further emphasized by the numerous case studies and research findings that highlight the benefits of integrated ticketing and fare policies. For instance, the introduction of the Travelcard in London led to significant reductions in fare evasion and operating costs, while integrated fare products in other cities have resulted in substantial increases in patronage and revenue (Fleishman, D., 2003).
Meanwhile, in the case city like Jakarta with a population of approximately 11 million people, with surrounding cities satellite, Jakarta witnesses a staggering 53 million daily trips, dominated by private vehicles, which contribute significantly to the city's traffic problems. The capital's roads have grown at a rate that cannot keep up with the increasing number of private vehicles. It is natural for the roads in the capital to experience overcapacity, which can lead to congestion (Primasetya, D. A., & Maksum, A., 2015).
The imbalance between the number of vehicles and road capacity eventually leads to congestion in urban areas. Jakarta faces complex transportation issues, particularly
with regards to traffic density. The length of roads in Jakarta only accounts for about 7% of the city's total area, which falls short of the ideal road length of 12-15% in developed cities. It is important to note that this trend is influenced by various factors. The high demand for mobility in Jakarta has led to private vehicles becoming a lifestyle for its residents (Mu’allimah & Raina N. M., 2021). According to the Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), the total number of motorized vehicles in Jakarta in 2022 was 21.856.081 units, including motorcycles, passenger cars, buses, and trucks. Motorcycles, which make up the majority with 17.304.447 units, are the most common type of vehicle in Jakarta (BPS, 2022).
The various studies and surveys have proved the reason why people are more interested to take their own private vehicles rather than use public transportation in Jakarta, in terms of accessibility, time travel, cost, comfortability and safety (Rohana S. & Euis S., 2018). This leads to discussions and solutions about providing reliable and sustainable public transportation services that meet the needs of the people, as well as encouraging them to use public transportation instead of their own vehicles in the capital city of Indonesia.
In the last decade, Jakarta has received significant attention for the development of its integrated public transportation infrastructure. As a result of Recognizing the urgent need for a paradigm shift towards sustainable urban mobility, Jakarta has embarked on significant initiatives to enhance its public transportation infrastructure over the past decade. Both national and regional governments are working to enhance public transportation, including building rail-based systems such as the Commuter Line, Light Rail Transit (LRT), and Mass Rapid Transit (MRT). Additionally, they are also improving the quality of motor vehicle-based mass transportation options, including small, medium, and large vehicles. By that time, the needs of smart systems and technology are needed in order to support the integration of operational systems that cover infrastructure, services/routes, data and information, as well as tariffs and payment systems for public transport in Jakarta (Fianda S. R., 2021).
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The conclusions in this study are as follows:
1. The development of payment incentive schemes on the JakLingko public transportation system can be carried out by developing criteria that are considered to provide representation of service users in accordance with certain capacities and parameters.
2. Providing service incentive schemes based on subsidy schemes provided by both the central government and the Jakarta government to users of students, pensioners, and lower economic communities in providing services and coverage of available public transportation services.
3. The JakLingko incentive service can be developed using the time travel pass scenario by building a choice of usage duration and offering a choice of variation packages for the use of JakLingko transportation vehicles offered.
4. Incentive options for the JakLingko service transportation system that can be applied can be carried out for the duration of using the service within a predetermined time, adjustments can be made and prices that are relevant and cheaper than the initial price payment.
5. Incentive schemes systematically build and provide benefits without reducing the quality of service to users by providing innovative, fast, and efficient services and providing incentives that attract new users to use Jaklingko transportation services.
