ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
1. Напишите по-английски
2. Вставьте нужный артикль.
3. Вставьте нужную форму глагола to be , обращая внимание на время пред¬ложения. Образуйте двумя способами отрицательную форму предложений.
4. Замените выделенные слова местоимениями.
5. Напишите соответствующие возвратные и притяжательные местоимения
6. Вставьте нужную форму глагола (времена Present Simple, Present Progressive, Past Simple, Past Progressive, Future Simple, Future Progressive).
TEXT A. WHAT IS ECONOMICS
Прочтите текст переведите на русский в письменном виде.
Unlike History, mathematics, English and chemistry, economics is a subject that most students encounter only briefly sometimes not at all, before they begin college. Economics is a basic discipline, like those just listed, not an applied subject like accounting or drafting in which specific skills are taught.
Economics has some similarities to mathematics because logical reasoning and mathematical tools are used in it extensively. It also has some similarities to history because economics studies people as they interact in social groups.
Like chemistry, economics employs the scientific method, although some of economics has a descriptive rather than an analytical flavor. Finally, like English grammar, economics has a few simple rules and principles, but from these principles economics can derive many conclusions.
Economics is the science of making choices. Individuals must decide whether to study another hour or to go for a walk, whether to buy a six-pack of Pepsi or a 0,5 gallon of milk at the grocery, whether to choose fire fighting or teaching as an occupation and whether to play golf or to watch television for an afternoon of recreation. As a group, people must also choose through their governments whether to build a dam or to repair highways with their taxes, whether to invest money to business or to expand national parks.
The common element in all these decisions is that every choice involves a cost. (Reading this text means that you are not enjoying a bike ride).
In fact, economics is the study of the choice that people make and the actions that they take in order to make the best use of scarce resources in meeting their wants.
Economics is about the everyday life. How do we get our living? Why do we sometimes get more and sometimes less? Are we producing as efficiently as we could? Are we producing the "right things"? What are the "right things"? Who ought to decide this and why? The study of economics helps us to answer this sort of questions.
Ex.8 Answer the questions on the text.
1. Do school leavers know much about economics?
No, they don’t. Most students encounter economics only briefly sometimes not at all before they start college.
2. Is economics a basic discipline or an applied subject?
Economics is a basic discipline.
3. Economics is the science of making choices, isn’t it?
Yes, it is. Economics is the science of making choices.
4. Why do people have to make choices very often?
Economics is the study of the choice that people make and the actions that they take in order to make the best use of scarce resources in meeting their wants.
5. What does every choice involve?
Every choice involves a cost.
TEXT В. WHAT ECONOMISTS DO
Task: read the text, find the answers to the questions given below.
Прочтите текст, найдите ответы на вопросы данные ниже.

Usually a person is not qualified to use the name "economist" without a graduate degree in economics, either a master's degree or a Ph. D.1 By this definition, there are about 100 000 economists in the US.
About half of them are academic economists, who engage in teaching, writing and doing research in colleges and universities. They also write textbooks and journal articles, develop and test new theoretical models, provide consulting services to governments and businesses, and engage in a variety of other professional activities.
The other half of the profession works for business or government. Business economists forecast sales and costs, help firms anticipate (or try to influence) government policy. Some business economists work for private lobbying organizations, helping them prepare their arguments to try to affect tax laws, regulations, etc. which are important to particular kinds of industries.
Government economists also perform a variety of useful tasks. Often the government economist wears a second hat2 as a policy analyst. Economists forecast tax revenues and interest rates, analyse who gains and who loses from particular changes, monitor prices, compute total output and perform other useful tasks in the public sector.
In the broader sense, economists study the ways in which people deal with the problems of scarcity.
Notes:
Ph. D. - Doctor of Philosophy
to wear a second hat - выполнять две или более обязанностей
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Read the international words and guess their meaning. Mind the stress. (Прочтите интернациональные слова и догадайтесь об их значениях. Обратите внимание на ударение)
Ex. 2. Memorize the following parts of derivatives. (Запомните следующие производные слова)
Ex. 3.Transform as in the models (Преобразуйте по образцу).
Ex. 4 Match English and Russian equivalents. (Сопоставьте английский и русский эквиваленты)
TEXT D. ECONOMYC SYSTEMS
People and societies organise economic life to deal with the basic problems through economic systems. An economic system can be described as the collection of institutions, laws, incentives, activities that govern economic relationships among people in a society and provide a framework for answering the basic economic questions.
Most economic systems use one or more of three basic methods to make economic decisions: tradition, command and markets. So economic systems are classified into four broad categories, according to how most economic decisions are made. These are traditional, command, market and mixed economies.
Traditional economies. People generally repeat the decisions made at an earlier time or by an earlier generation. Can just anyone be king or queen of England? Tradition answers that question. In the US, women were strongly directed to certain "traditional" occupations for many years, such as teaching, raising children, nursing and being librarians.
Command economies. They rely almost totally on government to make economic decisions through centralized authorities. The government owns all the major productive resources. The former USSR and some other eastern bloc countries are examples of countries where government decisions were dominant.
Market economies. Most productive resources are owned by private individuals (as households or through business they own). Individuals make economic decisions in response to market signals and on the basis of their own preferences.
Mixed economies. The economic system used in most countries lies between the two extremes of command and market economies. Mixed economies answer the basic economic questions partly through the market and partly through government, with some decisions based on tradition as well.
Задания к тексту
1. Выписать 10 существительных из текста, поставить их во множественное число и перевести.
2. Выписать 10 неправильных глаголов, написать их 3 формы и перевести.
3. Составить 5 общих и 5 специальных вопросов.


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